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Deforestation in Indonesia involves the long-term loss of forests and foliage across much of the country; it has had massive environmental and social impacts. Indonesia is home to some of the most biologically diverse forests in the world and ranks third in number of species behind Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo.〔(ABC Four Corners: ''Background information on Indonesia, deforestation and illegal logging'' ), Retrieved 28 May 2010〕 As late as 1900, Indonesia was still a densely forested country: forests represented 84 percent of the total land area. Deforestation intensified in the 1970s〔 and has accelerated further since then. The estimated forest cover of 170 million hectares around 1900 decreased to less than 100 million hectares by the end of the 20th century.〔(Matthews, Emilly (ed.): ''The State of Forests Indonesia'', Bogor 2002 ), Retrieved 28 May 2010〕 In 2008, it was estimated that tropical rainforests in Indonesia would be logged out in a decade.〔(China is black hole of Asia's deforestation ), ''Asia News'', 24 March 2008〕 Of the total logging in Indonesia, up to 80% is reported to be performed illegally.〔(Riskanalys av glas, järn, betong och gips ) 29 March 2011. s.19–20 〕 Large areas of forest in Indonesia have been cleared by large multinational pulp companies, such as Asia Pulp and Paper,〔(indonesia trees Indonesia without trees? Record breaking logging of last rainforests ) Friends of the Earth〕 and replaced by plantations. Forests are often burned by farmers〔(Slash and burn ), Encyclopedia of Earth〕 and plantation owners. Another major source of deforestation is the logging industry, driven by demand from China and Japan. Agricultural development and transmigration programs moved large populations into rainforest areas, further increasing deforestation rates. Logging and the burning of forests to clear land for cultivation has made Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases, behind China and the United States. Forest fires often destroy high capacity carbon sinks, including old-growth rainforest and peatlands. In May 2011, Indonesia declared a moratorium on new logging contracts to help combat this.〔("Indonesia's forest moratorium: A stepping stone to better forest governance?" ), CIFOR Working Paper 76, 2011〕 This appeared to be ineffective in the short-term, as the rate of deforestation continued to increase. By 2012 Indonesia had surpassed the rate of deforestation in Brazil,〔Bachelard, Michael: ("World's worst illegal logging in Indonesia" ), in ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', 30 June 2014〕 and become the fastest forest clearing nation in the world.〔("Deforestation in Indonesia Is Double the Government's Official Rate" ), in ''Scientific American'', 30 June 2014〕 ==History== The Indonesian archipelago of about 17,000 islands is home to some of the most biodiverse forests in the world. In 1900 the total forest represented 84% of the total land area.〔 By 1950 plantations and smallholder plantings of tree crops still only covered a small area. The forest cover by that time is estimated to 145 million ha of primary forest and another 14 million ha of secondary and tidal forest.〔 In the early 1970s Indonesia used this valuable resource to its economic benefit with the development of the country's wood-processing industries. From the late 1980s to 2000, production capacity has increased nearly 700% in the pulp and paper industries, making Indonesia the world's ninth largest pulp producer and eleventh largest paper producer.〔 The rate of deforestation continues to increase. The 2009 State Environment Report launched by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono revealed that the number of fire hotspots rose to 32,416 in 2009 from only 19,192 in 2008. The Environment Ministry blamed the increase on weak law enforcement and a lack of supervision from local authorities, with land clearance as the primary cause of the fires. Between 1990 and 2000 20% of the forest area in Indonesia had been lost (24 million ha) and by 2010, only 52% of the total land area was forested (94 million ha).〔Staff (30 November 2011) (Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 – Trends in Extent of Forest 1990–2010 ) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Media Centre, Accessed 5 March 2012〕 Even despite a moratorium on new logging contracts imposed in 2010, the rate of deforestation continued to increase to an estimated 840,000 hectares in 2012, surpassing deforestation in Brazil.〔John Vidal: ("Rate of deforestation in Indonesia overtakes Brazil, says study" ) in ''The Guardian'', 30 June 2014〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Deforestation in Indonesia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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